{"id":39930,"date":"2025-08-04T12:42:08","date_gmt":"2025-08-04T12:42:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.railscarma.com\/?p=39930"},"modified":"2025-08-04T12:45:08","modified_gmt":"2025-08-04T12:45:08","slug":"beginners-guide-to-ruby-on-rails-editing-credentials-and-encrypted-secrets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.railscarma.com\/it\/blog\/beginners-guide-to-ruby-on-rails-editing-credentials-and-encrypted-secrets\/","title":{"rendered":"Guida per principianti a Ruby on Rails: Modifica delle credenziali e dei segreti criptati"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"39930\" class=\"elementor elementor-39930\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-83eb42d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"83eb42d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-478606d\" data-id=\"478606d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdd9a62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdd9a62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ruby on Rails, often just called Rails, is a powerful web application framework built on the Ruby programming language. One of its key features is the ability to securely manage sensitive data, such as API keys, database credentials, and other secrets, through encrypted credentials. This guide is designed for beginners to understand how to work with Rails\u2019 credentials system, focusing on editing credentials and managing encrypted secrets effectively. By the end, you\u2019ll have a clear understanding of how to securely handle sensitive information in your Rails application, with practical examples and best practices.<\/p><p>This article assumes you have a basic understanding of Ruby and Rails, such as how to set up a Rails application and navigate its directory structure. If you\u2019re new to Rails, consider reviewing the official <a href=\"https:\/\/guides.rubyonrails.org\/\">Rubino sui binari<\/a> Guides for foundational knowledge. Let\u2019s dive into the world of Rails credentials and encrypted secrets!<\/p><h3><strong>Understanding Rails Credentials and Encrypted Secrets<\/strong><\/h3><h4><strong>What Are Rails Credentials?<\/strong><\/h4><p>Rails credentials provide a secure way to store sensitive information, such as API keys, passwords, or tokens, that your application needs to function. Unlike hardcoded values in source code or unencrypted configuration files, Rails credentials are encrypted and stored in a file called <code>config\/credentials.yml.enc<\/code>. This file is safe to commit to version control (e.g., Git) because it\u2019s encrypted, ensuring sensitive data isn\u2019t exposed.<\/p><p>The encryption is managed using a master key, stored in <code>config\/master.key<\/code> or an environment-specific key (e.g., <code>config\/credentials\/production.key<\/code>). The master key is used to encrypt and decrypt the credentials file, and it should <strong>never<\/strong> be committed to version control to prevent unauthorized access to your secrets.<\/p><h4><strong>Evolution of Secrets Management in Rails<\/strong><\/h4><p>Before Rails 5.1, sensitive data was often stored in <code>config\/secrets.yml<\/code>, which was not encrypted and posed security risks if accidentally committed to a repository. Rails 5.1 introduced encrypted secrets, and Rails 5.2 and later refined this into the credentials system we use today. In Rails 6 and beyond, you can manage environment-specific credentials, allowing separate secrets for development, test, and production environments. This evolution addressed challenges in team settings where sharing sensitive data securely was cumbersome.<\/p><h4><strong>Why Use Encrypted Credentials?<\/strong><\/h4><p>Encrypted credentials solve several problems:<\/p><ul><li><strong>Sicurezza:<\/strong> Sensitive data is encrypted, reducing the risk of exposure.<\/li><li><strong>Version Control:<\/strong> The encrypted <code>credentials.yml.enc<\/code> file can be safely committed to Git.<\/li><li><strong>Team Collaboration:<\/strong> Developers can share a codebase without exposing secrets, using a securely shared master key (e.g., via a password manager).<\/li><li><strong>Environment-Specific Secrets:<\/strong> Rails supports separate credentials for different environments, simplifying deployment.<\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>Setting Up Rails Credentials<\/strong><\/h3><h4><strong>Creazione di una nuova applicazione Rails<\/strong><\/h4><p>To follow along, ensure you have Ruby and Rails installed. You can check your versions with:<\/p><pre>bash\nruby -v\nrails -v<\/pre><p>If Rails isn\u2019t installed, install it using:<\/p><pre>bash\ngem install rails<\/pre><p>Create a new Rails application:<\/p><pre>bash\nrails new myapp\ncd myapp<\/pre><p>When you create a new Rails app, Rails automatically generates two key files in the <code>config<\/code> directory:<\/p><ul><li><code>config\/credentials.yml.enc<\/code>: The encrypted file where credentials are stored.<\/li><li><code>config\/master.key<\/code>: The encryption key used to decrypt <code>credentials.yml.enc<\/code>.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Important:<\/strong> Never commit <code>config\/master.key<\/code> to version control. Add it to your <code>.gitignore<\/code> file to prevent accidental exposure.<\/p><h4><strong>Checking Your Credentials Setup<\/strong><\/h4><p>To verify that your credentials file exists, check the <code>config<\/code> directory:<\/p><pre>bash\nls config\/<\/pre><p>You should see <code>credentials.yml.enc<\/code> E <code>master.key<\/code>. If <code>master.key<\/code> is missing, Rails will generate one the first time you edit credentials (explained below).<\/p><h3><strong>Editing Rails Credentials<\/strong><\/h3><h4><strong>Opening the Credentials File<\/strong><\/h4><p>To edit credentials, use the Rails command:<\/p><pre>bash\nEDITOR=\"vim\" rails credentials:edit<\/pre><p>This command opens the decrypted <code>config\/credentials.yml.enc<\/code> in your specified editor (e.g., Vim, Nano, or VS Code). Replace &#8220;<code>vim<\/code>&#8221; with your preferred editor, such as &#8220;<code>code<\/code>&#8221; for VS Code. If &lt;code.config\/credentials.yml.enc or <code>config\/master.key <\/code>doesn\u2019t exist, Rails will create them.<\/p><p>When you run the command, you\u2019ll see a YAML-formatted file. A default credentials file might look like this:<\/p><pre>yaml\n# Used as the base secret for all MessageVerifiers in Rails, including the one protecting cookies.\nsecret_key_base: your_secret_key_base<\/pre><p>Il <code>secret_key_base<\/code> is a critical value used for signing and encrypting cookies and other data in Rails. It\u2019s automatically generated when you create a new Rails app.<\/p><h4><strong>Adding New Credentials<\/strong><\/h4><p>You can add your own credentials in the YAML file. For example, to add AWS and Stripe API keys, modify the file like this:<\/p><pre>yaml\n# config\/credentials.yml.enc\naws:\n    access_key_id: your_access_key_id\n    secret_access_key: your_secret_access_key\nstripe:\n    public_key: test_public\n    private_key: test_private\nsecret_key_base: your_secret_key_base<\/pre><p>Save and close the editor. Rails will automatically encrypt the file and save it as <code>config\/credentials.yml.enc<\/code>. The data is now secure and can be committed to version control.<\/p><h4><strong>Environment-Specific Credentials (Rails 6+)<\/strong><\/h4><p>For Rails 6 and later, you can manage environment-specific credentials. For example, to edit production credentials:<\/p><pre>bash\nEDITOR=\"vim\" rails credentials:edit --environment production<\/pre><p>This creates or edits <code>config\/credentials\/production.yml.enc<\/code> and uses <code>config\/credentials\/production.key<\/code> for encryption. An example production credentials file might look like:<\/p><pre>yaml\n# config\/credentials\/production.yml.enc\naws:\n    access_key_id: prod_access_key_id\n    secret_access_key: prod_secret_access_key\nsecret_key_base: prod_secret_key_base<\/pre><p>Similarly, you can manage development or test credentials with <code>--environment development<\/code> o <code>--environment test<\/code>. This allows you to use different API keys or database credentials for each environment.<\/p><h3><strong>Accessing Credentials in Your Application<\/strong><\/h3><h4><strong>Reading Credentials<\/strong><\/h4><p>You can access credentials in your Rails application using <code>Rails.application.credentials<\/code>. For example, to retrieve the AWS access key:<\/p><pre>ruby\nRails.application.credentials.aws[:access_key_id]\n# =&gt; \"your_access_key_id\"<\/pre><p>For environment-specific credentials, Rails automatically loads the appropriate file based on the <code>RAILS_ENV<\/code> environment variable. For instance, in development:<\/p><pre>ruby\nRails.application.credentials.dig(:stripe, :public_key)\n# =&gt; \"test_public_development\"<\/pre><p>In production, the same code would retrieve the production key if defined in <code>config\/credentials\/production.yml.enc<\/code>.<\/p><h4><strong>Simplifying Access with Dot Notation<\/strong><\/h4><p>For convenience, Rails supports dot notation for accessing credentials:<\/p><pre>ruby\nRails.application.credentials.stripe.public_key\n# =&gt; \"test_public\"<\/pre><p>However, some developers prefer using <code>dig<\/code> for nested keys to avoid errors if a key is missing.<\/p><h4><strong>Example: Using Credentials in a Controller<\/strong><\/h4><p>Suppose you\u2019re integrating a payment service like Stripe. You can configure it in a controller using credentials:<\/p><pre>ruby\nclass PaymentsController &lt; ApplicationController\n    def create\n        Stripe.api_key = Rails.application.credentials.stripe[:private_key]\n        # Payment processing logic\n    end\nend<\/pre><p>This keeps your API key secure and out of the codebase.<\/p><h3><strong>Managing the Master Key<\/strong><\/h3><h4><strong>Securing the Master Key<\/strong><\/h4><p>Il <code>config\/master.key<\/code> file (or environment-specific keys like <code>config\/credentials\/production.key&lt;\/code.) is critical for decrypting credentials. Here are best practices for managing it:<\/code><\/p><ul><li><strong>Never commit to version control:<\/strong> Ensure <code>master.key is in <code>.gitignore<\/code>.<\/code><\/li><li><strong>Share securely:<\/strong> Use a password manager or secure channel (e.g., encrypted messaging) to share the key with team members.<\/li><li><strong>Use environment variables:<\/strong> Alternatively, set the &gt;<code>RAILS_MASTER_KEY<\/code> environment variable instead of using <code>master.key<\/code>. For example:<\/li><\/ul><pre>bash\nexport RAILS_MASTER_KEY=your_master_key<\/pre><p>Rails prioritizes <code>RAILS_MASTER_KEY<\/code> over the <code>master.key<\/code> file. This is useful for deployment environments like Heroku or AWS.<\/p><h4><strong>Rotating the Master Key<\/strong><\/h4><p>If you suspect the master key has been compromised, rotate it:<\/p><ul><li>Generate a new master key:<\/li><\/ul><pre>bash\nrails credentials:edit<\/pre><p>This creates a new <code>config\/master.key<\/code> and re-encrypts <code>config\/credentials.yml.enc<\/code>.<\/p><ul><li>Update all team members and deployment environments with the new key.<\/li><li>If using environment-specific credentials, repeat for each environment (e.g., <code>rails credentials:edit --environment production<\/code>).<\/li><\/ul><p>Rotating the <code>secret_key_base<\/code> will invalidate existing sessions and cookies, so plan rotations carefully to avoid disrupting users.<\/p><h2><strong>Best Practices for Rails Credentials<\/strong><\/h2><h4><strong>1. Keep Secrets Out of Source Code<\/strong><\/h4><p>Never hardcode sensitive data in your application code. For example, avoid:<\/p><pre>ruby\n# Bad practice\nAWS.config(access_key_id: \"your_access_key_id\")<\/pre><p>Instead, use:<\/p><pre>ruby\nAWS.config(access_key_id: Rails.application.credentials.aws[:access_key_id])<\/pre><p>This ensures secrets remain encrypted and secure.<\/p><h4><strong>2. Use Environment-Specific Credentials<\/strong><\/h4><p>Leverage Rails\u2019 support for environment-specific credentials to avoid using development keys in production. This reduces the risk of accidental misuse of sensitive keys.<\/p><h4><strong>3. Filter Sensitive Data in Logs<\/strong><\/h4><p>Rails logs can inadvertently expose sensitive data. Configure <code>config.filter_parameters<\/code> in <code>config\/application.rb<\/code> to filter sensitive parameters:<\/p><pre>ruby\nconfig.filter_parameters += [:password, :secret, :token]<\/pre><p>This marks sensitive data as [<code>FILTERED<\/code>] in logs, preventing exposure.<\/p><h4><strong>4. Regularly Rotate Secrets<\/strong><\/h4><p>Periodically rotate your <code>secret_key_base<\/code> and other credentials to minimize the impact of potential leaks. Use Rails\u2019 rotation mechanisms to update cookies gracefully.<\/p><h4><strong>5. Secure Your Database Configuration<\/strong><\/h4><p>Ensure <code>config\/atabase.yml<\/code> doesn\u2019t contain sensitive data. Use credentials for database passwords:<\/p><pre>yaml\n# config\/database.yml\nproduction:\nadapter: postgresql\ndatabase: &lt;%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:production, :DB_NAME) %&gt;\nusername: &lt;%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:production, :DB_USERNAME) %&gt;\npassword: &lt;%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:production, :DB_PASSWORD) %&gt;<\/pre><p>This keeps database credentials secure.<\/p><h4><strong>6. Audit Your Application<\/strong><\/h4><p>Use tools like Brakeman and bundler-audit to scan your Rails application for security vulnerabilities. Integrate them into your CI\/CD pipeline to catch issues early.<\/p><h3><strong>Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them<\/strong><\/h3><h4><strong>1. Committing the Master Key<\/strong><\/h4><p>Accidentally committing <code>config\/master.key<\/code> to version control is a common mistake. Always double-check your <code>.gitignore<\/code> file:<\/p><pre>gitignore\n\/config\/master.key\n\/config\/credentials\/*.key<\/pre><h4><strong>2. Inconsistent Environment Credentials<\/strong><\/h4><p>When using environment-specific credentials, ensure keys are consistent across environments. For example, if you add a <code>stripe<\/code> key in development, add it to production and test credentials as well, even if with placeholder values.<\/p><h4><strong>3. Exposing Credentials in Logs<\/strong><\/h4><p>Unfiltered logs can expose secrets. Always verify that <code>config.filter_parameters<\/code> includes all sensitive keys.<\/p><h4><strong>4. Using ERB in Credentials<\/strong><\/h4><p>Rails does not support Embedded Ruby (ERB) in encrypted credentials files, so avoid using <code>&lt;%= %&gt;<\/code> syntax. Use plain YAML instead.<\/p><h3><strong>Advanced Topics<\/strong><\/h3><h4><strong>Using Credentials with Third-Party Services<\/strong><\/h4><p>When integrating third-party services like AWS, Stripe, or SendGrid, store their API keys in credentials. For example:<\/p><pre>yaml\nsendgrid:\n    api_key: your_sendgrid_api_key<\/pre><p>Access it in your application:<\/p><pre>ruby\nSendGrid::API.api_key = Rails.application.credentials.sendgrid[:api_key]<\/pre><p>This keeps your integration secure and maintainable.<\/p><h4><strong>Active Record Encryption<\/strong><\/h4><p>For encrypting database fields, Rails provides Active Record Encryption (introduced in Rails 7). For example:<\/p><pre>ruby\nclass Article &lt; ApplicationRecord\n    encrypts :summary, key: Rails.application.credentials.active_record_encryption[:primary_key]\nend<\/pre><p>Store the encryption key in credentials:<\/p><pre>yaml\nactive_record_encryption:\n    primary_key: your_encryption_key\n    key_derivation_salt: your_salt<\/pre><p>This allows secure storage of sensitive database fields.<\/p><h4><strong>Custom Secret Management<\/strong><\/h4><p>For non-Rails Ruby applications or advanced use cases, consider gems like <code>sekrets<\/code> to manage encrypted secrets. These can be integrated into Rails for custom workflows.<\/p><h2><strong>Conclusione<\/strong><\/h2><p>Managing credentials and encrypted secrets in Ruby on Rails is a critical skill for building secure applications. By leveraging Rails\u2019 built-in credentials system, you can safely store sensitive data, share it with your team, and deploy your application with confidence. From editing <code>config\/credentials.yml.enc<\/code> to securing the master key and using environment-specific credentials, this guide has covered the essentials for beginners.<\/p><p>To take your Rails development to the next level, consider partnering with experts like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.railscarma.com\/it\/\">RailsCarma<\/a>, a specialized <a href=\"https:\/\/www.railscarma.com\/it\/\">Societ\u00e0 di sviluppo Ruby on Rails<\/a>. RailsCarma offers comprehensive services, including application development, maintenance, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.railscarma.com\/it\/blog\/security-best-practices-for-ruby-on-rails-developers\/\">security audits<\/a>, helping you build robust and secure Rails applications tailored to your needs. Whether you\u2019re a beginner or scaling a complex project, their expertise can guide you through best practices and advanced techniques.By following the practices outlined in this guide and leveraging professional support when needed, you\u2019ll be well-equipped to handle sensitive data securely in your Rails applications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t  <div class=\"related-post slider\">\r\n        <div class=\"headline\">Articoli correlati<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"post-list owl-carousel\">\r\n\r\n            <div class=\"item\">\r\n            <div class=\"thumb post_thumb\">\r\n    <a  title=\"Ruby on Rails per MLOps: una guida completa all&#039;implementazione del ML\" href=\"https:\/\/www.railscarma.com\/it\/blog\/ruby-on-rails-for-mlops-a-complete-guide-to-ml-deployment\/?related_post_from=41350\">\r\n\r\n      <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" 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<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ruby on Rails, spesso chiamato semplicemente Rails, \u00e8 un potente framework per applicazioni web costruito sul linguaggio di programmazione Ruby. Una delle sue caratteristiche principali \u00e8 la capacit\u00e0 di gestire in modo sicuro i dati sensibili, come chiavi API, credenziali di database e altri segreti, attraverso credenziali criptate. Questa guida \u00e8 pensata per i principianti, per capire come lavorare ...<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.railscarma.com\/it\/blog\/how-to-build-a-scalable-saas-platform-using-ruby-on-rails\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Come costruire una piattaforma SaaS scalabile usando Ruby on Rails<\/span> Leggi altro \"<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":39937,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1224],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39930","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Guide to Ruby on Rails: Editing Credentials and Encrypted Secrets<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Beginner\u2019s Guide to Ruby on Rails on editing 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